Paul’s Arrival in Jerusalem and His Pharisaical Context
“When we arrived at Jerusalem, the brothers and sisters received us warmly. The next day Paul and the rest of us went to see James, and all the elders were present. Paul greeted them and reported in detail what God had done among the Gentiles through his ministry. When they heard this, they praised God. Then they said to Paul: ‘You see, brother, how many thousands of Jews have believed, and all of them are zealous for the law. They have been informed that you teach all the Jews who live among the Gentiles to turn away from Moses, telling them not to circumcise their children or live according to our customs. What shall we do? They will certainly hear that you have come, so do what we tell you. There are four men with us who have made a vow. Take these men, join in their purification rites and pay their expenses, so that they can have their heads shaved. Then everyone will know there is no truth in these reports about you, but that you yourself are living in obedience to the law. As for the Gentile believers, we have written to them our decision that they should abstain from food sacrificed to idols, from blood, from the meat of strangled animals, and from sexual immorality.’”
— Acts 21:17–25
Paul’s arrival in Jerusalem reflects the complex dynamics of early Christianity, particularly its relationship with Judaism. This passage presents Paul as a figure both deeply rooted in Jewish tradition and misunderstood as a subversive founder of a “new religion.” Despite this, Paul’s mission aligned with Pharisaical tradition, particularly the teachings of the school of Hillel and his mentor, Gamaliel. His impact on the Western Roman Empire, and possibly even Spain (as some traditions suggest), highlights his pivotal role in spreading the Gospel beyond Judea.
Paul’s Mission and Strategy
Rashi interprets the Apostles as “infecting their culture to sway the Notzri (Christian) faith away from Judaism into Messianic Noahidism; they themselves were not heretics and did so for the benefit of the Jewish people.” Paul’s acceptance within Judea, despite controversy, and his subsequent ministry in Rome demonstrate his unique role in God’s plan to reach the nations. Under house arrest, near where St. Paul’s Basilica now stands, Paul leveraged Roman infrastructure to disseminate his teachings, fulfilling his calling as a doulos (bond-servant) of Christ to the ends of the earth.
Jewish Perspectives on Paul and Early Christianity
Orthodox Jewish sources also shed light on the emergence of Christianity as The Way of the Messianic Hebrews. From the Chazal (Jewish sages) to Yochanan ben Zakkai’s Pharisaic academy at Yavneh, early Jewish thought engaged with the New Testament’s mission to the nations. Notably, Paul’s letters circulated widely and were affirmed as part of this salvation-oriented mission.
Paul’s writings focus on the exaltation of Jesus Christ as Sar HaPanim (“Prince of the Presence”). His cosmic Christology transcends Jesus’ earthly ministry, emphasizing His crucifixion and resurrection as central to apocalyptic and eschatological hope. Paul ties Jesus to the Passover lamb (1 Corinthians 5:7), aligning the Gentiles’ inclusion with Israel’s salvific narrative.
Christological Development and Pharisaical Thought
Jewish thinkers like Rabbi Akiva (c. 50–135 CE) and his student, Rabbi Simeon bar Yochai, played pivotal roles in shaping Christological thought. While Akiva initially supported Bar Kokhba as the Messiah, he later rejected him, affirming a more spiritual lineage tied to Sar HaPanim. Simeon bar Yochai’s teachings in the Zohar present Metatron as the perfect man and divine emanation, paralleling Paul’s description of Jesus as Lord our Righteousness (Jeremiah 23:5–6).
The Piyyutim of Eleazar ben Kalir (570–640 CE) further explored the preexistence and divinity of the Messiah, preserving these ideas into the Middle Ages. Such traditions illustrate how Pharisaical and later rabbinical thought engaged with the concept of the Messiah, including its overlap with Christian theology.
The Continuity of Pharisaical Thought
The narrative in Acts 21–26 underscores Paul’s alignment with Pharisaical thought, particularly its mission to bring the nations under God’s covenant. This continuity is evident in the spiritual genealogy (shellshelit) of rabbis and sages who saw Jesus’ mission as part of Judaism’s broader purpose:
• Rashi (1040–1105): Commented on the intersection of Jewish and Christian missions.
• The Tosafists (12th century): Including Rabbis Simhah ben Samuel of Vitry and Rabbeinu Tam.
• Nachmanides (1194–1270): Bridged Jewish and Gentile understanding of messianic themes.
• The Meiri (1249–1316): Acknowledged the ethical and theological contributions of Christianity.
Later thinkers, such as Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808–1888), emphasized Christianity’s role in spreading monotheism and biblical ethics to the nations. Hirsch recognized Christianity’s estrangement from Judaism as necessary to bring the message of the One God to a world steeped in idolatry and immorality. Similarly, Pinchas Lapide and Harvey Falk explored Jewish-Christian relations, highlighting Paul’s significance within the Pharisaical framework.
A Minority Tradition within Rabbinic Judaism?
While the majority of rabbinical Judaism opposed Christianity, minority voices throughout history acknowledged its role in the divine plan. Figures like Jacob Emden (1697–1776) and Isaac Lichtenstein (1824–1908) affirmed the ethical monotheism shared by Judaism and Christianity. Samson Raphael Hirsch noted that Christianity and Islam emerged from Judaism to combat idolatry, immorality, and spiritual degradation.
Conclusion
Paul’s mission, rooted in Pharisaical tradition, was not an attack on Judaism but its fulfillment for the nations. Acts 21–26 reflects the complexities of his role, both within Jewish thought and as a messenger to the Gentiles. The Pharisaical lineage of Paul continues to resonate through Jewish and Christian traditions, affirming Jesus as Yeshua Sar HaPanim, the culmination of God’s covenant with Israel and the nations.